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Budapest II. Budapest III. Budapest IV. Budapest IX. Budapest V. Budapest VI. Budapest VII. Budapest VIII. Budapest X. Budapest XI. Budapest XII. Budapest XIII. Budapest XIV. Budapest XIX. When Western Hungary was a province of the Roman Empire named Pannonia , the Romans founded several wine-producing colonies under the collective name of Sopianae where Pécs now stands, in the early 2nd century.
The centre of Sopianae was where the Bishop's Palace now stands. Some parts of the Roman aqueduct are still visible. When Pannonia province was divided into four administrative divisions, Sopianae was the capital of the division named Valeria.
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In the first half of the 4th century, Sopianae became an important Christian city. The first Christian cemeteries, dating back to this age, are inscribed on the World Heritage List. By the end of the century, Roman rule weakened in the area, mostly due to attacks by Barbarians and Huns. When Charlemagne arrived in the area, it was ruled by Avars.
Charlemagne, after conquering the area, annexed it to the Holy Roman Empire. It belonged to the Diocese of Salzburg. A document written in Salzburg in is the first document mentioning the early medieval city under the name Quinque Basilicae see above. During the 9th century, the city was inhabited by Slavic and Avar peoples and was part of the Balaton Principality , a Frankish vassal state.
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According to György Györffy 's theory of place names, after the Hungarians conquered the Carpathian Basin , they retained a semi-nomadic lifestyle, changing pastures between winter and summer. Árpád's winter quarters -clearly after his occupation of Pannonia in were perhaps in Pécs. Pécs, however, became an important religious centre and episcopal seat.
In Latin documents, the city was mentioned as Quinque Ecclesiae. Around , the area was inhabited by the Black Magyars. The Deed of Foundation of the Diocese of Pécs was issued in Peter Orseolo , the second king of Hungary, was buried in the cathedral in The location of his grave is unknown.
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Shortly after the cathedral burnt down. The cathedral that stands today was built after this, in the second half of the 11th century. Several religious orders settled down in Pécs. The Benedictine order was the first in In , there was already a hospital in the city. The first Dominican monastery of the country was built in Pécs in King Louis the Great founded a university in Pécs in following the advice of William, the bishop of Pécs , who was also the king's chancellor.
It was the first university in Hungary. The founding document is almost word for word identical with that of the University of Vienna , stating that the university has the right to teach all arts and sciences, with the exception of theology. In , Janus Pannonius , the most important medieval poet of Hungary became the bishop of Pécs. He strengthened the cultural importance of the city. Not only was a large part of the country occupied by Ottomans, the public opinion of who should be the king of Hungary was divided, too.
In the summer of Ferdinand defeated the armies of Szapolyai and was crowned king on November 3. Ferdinand favoured the city because of their support, and exempted Pécs from paying taxes. Pécs was rebuilt and fortified. In , the Ottomans captured Pécs again, and went on a campaign against Vienna. The Ottomans made Pécs to accept King John who was allied with them as their ruler. John died in In , the Ottomans occupied the castle of Buda , and ordered Isabella , the widow of John to give Pécs to them, since the city was of strategic importance.
The citizens of Pécs defended the city against the Ottomans, and swore loyalty to Ferdinand. The emperor helped the city and defended it from further Ottoman attacks, but his advisers persuaded him into focusing more on the cities of Székesfehérvár and Esztergom instead of Pécs.
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Pécs was preparing for the siege, but a day before, Flemish and Walloon mercenaries fled from the city, and raided the nearby lands. The next day in June the Bishop himself went to the Ottomans with the keys of the city. After occupying the city, the Ottomans fortified it and turned it into a real Ottoman city. The Christian churches were turned into mosques ; Turkish baths and minarets were built, Qur'an schools were founded, there was a bazaar in place of the market.
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For a hundred years the city was an island of peace in a land of war. Since the city was well into the Ottoman territories, they knew that even if they occupy it, they could not keep it for long, so they planned only to pillage it. They ravaged and burned the city but could not occupy the castle. Mediaeval Pécs was destroyed forever, except the wall encircling the historical city, a single bastion Barbakán , the network of tunnels and catacombs beneath the city, parts of which are closed down, other parts are in possession of the famous Litke champagne factory, and can be visited today.
After the castle of Buda was wrested from Ottoman rule in , the armies went to capture the rest of Pécs. The advance guards could break into the city and pillaged it. The Ottomans saw that they could not hold the city, and burnt it, and withdrew into the castle. The army led by Louis of Baden occupied the city on 14 October and destroyed the aqueduct leading to the castle. The Ottomans had no other choice but to surrender, which they did on 22 October see Siege of Pécs. The city was under martial law under the command of Karl von Thüngen.
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The Viennese court wanted to destroy the city first, but later they decided to keep it to counterbalance the importance of Szigetvár , which was still under Ottoman rule. Slowly the city started to prosper again, but in the s two plague epidemics claimed many lives. In German settlers arrived. Only about one-quarter of the city's population was Hungarian, the others were Germans or Southern Slavs.
Because Hungarians were only a minority of the population, Pécs did not support the revolution against Habsburg rule led by Francis II Rákóczi , and his armies pillaged the city in A more peaceful era started after Industry, trade and viticulture prospered, manufactures were founded, a new city hall was built.
The feudal lord of the city was the Bishop of Pécs , but the city wanted to free itself from episcopal control. Bishop George Klimó , an enlightened man who founded the first public library of the country would have agreed to cede his rights to the city, but the Holy See forbade him to do so. When Klimó died in , Queen Maria Theresa quickly elevated Pécs to free royal town status before the new bishop was elected.
This cost the city 83, forints. According to the first census held in by the order of Joseph II , there were 1, houses and 1, families in Pécs, a total of 8, residents, of which were priests and were noblemen. In , the Academy of Győr was moved to Pécs.
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This academy eventually evolved into a law school. The first stonework theatre of the city was built in The industry developed a lot in the second half of the 19th century. By , there were 1, industrial workers. Some of the manufactures were nationally famous. The iron and paper factories were among the most modern ones of the age. Coal mining was relevant. A sugar factory and beer manufactures were built, too. The city had 14, residents. During the revolution in —49 , Pécs was occupied by Croatian armies for a short time, but it was freed from them by Habsburg armies in January After the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of Pécs developed, like all the other cities and towns of the country.
From , Pécs is connected to the nearby town Barcs by railway, and since it is also connected to Budapest. In , a tram system has been founded, but it was extinguished in At the end of World War I , Baranya county was occupied by Serbian troops, and it was not until August that Pécs could be sure that it remains part of Hungary.
The city suffered only minor damages, even though a large tank-battle took place 20—25 kilometres 12—16 miles south of the city, close to the Villány area late in the war, when the advancing Red Army fought its way towards Austria. After the war, development became fast again, and the city grew, absorbing several nearby towns. In the s, Pécs already had , inhabitants. After the end of Socialist era — , Pécs and its county, like many other areas, were hit hard by the changes, the unemployment rate was high, the mines and several factories were closed, and the war in neighboring Yugoslavia in the s affected the tourism.
The NSG handled the relaying of supply, personnel and other logistical tasks between the participating countries and their deployed forces in Bosnia-Herzegovina. A good example of the city's history and interesting past can be seen in the main square, where the Gazi Kasim Mosque still stands, and, although consecrated as a church following the retreat of the Ottoman Turks centuries ago, the crescent moon and cross of Islam are still visible on the cupola. Indeed, Pécs is the richest town in Hungary in terms of Turkish architecture, with the ruins of Memi Pasa's Baths and the mausoleum of miracle worker Idris Baba, just two other notable remains.
The Yakovalı Hasan Paşa Mosque , dating from the mids, still functions as an active mosque today. It is open to the public except during Friday services from 2. The majority of the citizens with The city's Germans are the largest minority with 4. Followed by the Roma 2. The largest religious group is the Catholics with The second largest denomination is the Calvinists 5. Historically Pécs was well known in Hungary for its industry with several factories, but after the fall of the Iron Curtain many have not managed the economic transition well and went bankrupt e.
The nationally and to a limited extent internationally famous porcelain factory, the Zsolnay Porcelain is the greatest pride of Pécs. The walls and roofs of several public and private buildings in the city are decorated with the company's porcelains contributing to Pécs's unique cityscape.
It produces a special beer, that is known for not being strained before bottling.